Questões de Língua Inglesa do ano 0000

Read the text below in order to answer questions 19 to 22:

IMF COMPLETES BRAZIL FIFTH REVIEW

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fifth review under the Stand-By credit for Brazil. As a result, Brazil will be able to draw, if needed, up to the equivalent of SDR 814.05 million ( about US$1,066 million ) from the IMF.

In commenting on the Executive Board's discussion of the review, Stanley Fischer, First Deputy Managing Director, made the following statement:

"Executive Directors commended the authorities for the performance of the Brazilian economy under the Government's program and noted with satisfaction that developments in the Brazilian economy since the completion of the fourth review at the end of November 1999 have been better than projected under the program, and that Brazil has continued to make progress in its macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms. In particular, Directors noted that activity is recovering at a sustained pace, unemployment continues to decline gradually and inflation is decelerating in line with targets. They also welcomed the strong expansion in export in recent months".

According to this 5^th review, Brazil will be able to

• A. invest nearly US$ 814,05 in the IMF
• B. postpone the payment of approximately US$ 1,066 million
• C.

  take out approximately US$ 1,066 million from the IMF

• D. collect nearly US$ 1,066 million in taxes
• E. Withdraw about US$ 814,05 million from the IMF

Read the text below in order to answer questions 19 to 22:

IMF COMPLETES BRAZIL FIFTH REVIEW

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fifth review under the Stand-By credit for Brazil. As a result, Brazil will be able to draw, if needed, up to the equivalent of SDR 814.05 million ( about US$1,066 million ) from the IMF.

In commenting on the Executive Board's discussion of the review, Stanley Fischer, First Deputy Managing Director, made the following statement:

"Executive Directors commended the authorities for the performance of the Brazilian economy under the Government's program and noted with satisfaction that developments in the Brazilian economy since the completion of the fourth review at the end of November 1999 have been better than projected under the program, and that Brazil has continued to make progress in its macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms. In particular, Directors noted that activity is recovering at a sustained pace, unemployment continues to decline gradually and inflation is decelerating in line with targets. They also welcomed the strong expansion in export in recent months".

Which aspect is not mentioned by the present review concerning the Brazilian economy?

• A. Macroeconomic adjustment
• B. Imports
• C. Inflation
• D. Unemployment
• E. Structural reforms

Read the text below in order to answer questions 19 to 22:

IMF COMPLETES BRAZIL FIFTH REVIEW

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fifth review under the Stand-By credit for Brazil. As a result, Brazil will be able to draw, if needed, up to the equivalent of SDR 814.05 million ( about US$1,066 million ) from the IMF.

In commenting on the Executive Board's discussion of the review, Stanley Fischer, First Deputy Managing Director, made the following statement:

"Executive Directors commended the authorities for the performance of the Brazilian economy under the Government's program and noted with satisfaction that developments in the Brazilian economy since the completion of the fourth review at the end of November 1999 have been better than projected under the program, and that Brazil has continued to make progress in its macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms. In particular, Directors noted that activity is recovering at a sustained pace, unemployment continues to decline gradually and inflation is decelerating in line with targets. They also welcomed the strong expansion in export in recent months".

Concerning the Brazilian macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms, progress

• A. could have been made
• B. has been made
• C. might be made
• D. must have been made
• E. may be made

Read the text carefully, then answer questions 21 to 25 below. Choose the answer that is correct according to the ideas in the text.

From the text we understand that

• A. tax evasion is widespread in Russia
• B. most Russians obey the tax law
• C. many Russians have paid tax at 3.8%
• D. 30% of the population pay marginal tax
• E. Russian employment figures declined in 1999

Read the text carefully, then answer questions 21 to 25 below. Choose the answer that is correct according to the ideas in the text.

The number of Russians paying income tax ought to be roughly

• A. 3.8 million
• B. 4.3 million
• C. 20 million
• D. 40 million
• E. 60 million

Read the text below in order to answer questions

21 to 23:

A new budget system

In 1989, the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre came up with a radical solution to its major problems of unaccountability and extreme poverty: a participative budget. For the last decade, the people of the city have been deciding how the budget for public works should be allocated. Neighbourhood groups propose projects, and people from community groups and non-profit organisations who have been elected by their neighbours, decide which projects will go ahead. In some cases, the community delegates also oversee implementation of the final projects. This has had the triple result of avoiding corruption and mishandling funds, improving concrete matters on the ground, and increasing democratic participation in the process by a huge amount.

According to the author, the community delegates

• A.

  have devised a new budget system

• B.

  may supervise the execution of final projects

• C.

  cannot decide how to allocate the city's budget

• D.

  are in charge of implementing final projects

• E.

  steer the country's budget system.

Read the text below in order to answer questions

24 to 27:

The politics of administrative reform

Most countries of Latin America stabilized and opened their economies in the first generation of market oriented reforms in the 1980s and early 1990s. Now they face a much more costly and protracted task of rebuilding state capacity to deliver social services, regulate the economy, avoid recurrent fiscal crises, and improve the overall functioning of government. Why have some countries progressed further on administrative reform than other countries? Administrative reform usually starts with small groups of reformers within the executive branch. Among factors that facilitate reform are: balance of payments and fiscal crises, middle class and rural support, and the effective packaging of reform initiatives. Contrary to much of the literature, the nature of the party system ( cohesion, discipline and parity) does not explain much of the variation in reform experiences.

According to the text, the rebuilding of state capacity

• A.

  requires a long time

• B.

  must last long

• C.

  might demand time

• D.

  is immediate

• E.

  is not time consuming

Read the text below in order to answer questions 28 to 30:

The Internet Revolution

It is clear that Brazil's economy stands to make even more productivity gains than the United States itself, as a result of the Internet revolution. The lack of legacy systems and the very inefficient nature of administrative systems in Brazil create enormous opportunities for efficiency gains. For many years, the so-called "Brazil Cost" has been a drag on Brazil's economy and an inhibitor of competitiveness of Brazilian industries in the export markets. The Internet is about to change all of this. A number of initiatives are underway using the Internet and PC technologies in the health care sector and, also, in the very important area of public administration. In the public administration area, some analysts believe that expense reductions and improvements in the quality of government services resulting from Internet based systems can entirely eliminate the Brazilian government budget deficits.

The author refers to the Brazilian administrative systems as

• A. technically updated.
• B. currently undergoing changes
• C. historically efficient
• D. consistently structured
• E.

  ambitiously restructured.

Read the text below in order to answer questions 28 to 30:

The Internet Revolution

It is clear that Brazil's economy stands to make even more productivity gains than the United States itself, as a result of the Internet revolution. The lack of legacy systems and the very inefficient nature of administrative systems in Brazil create enormous opportunities for efficiency gains. For many years, the so-called "Brazil Cost" has been a drag on Brazil's economy and an inhibitor of competitiveness of Brazilian industries in the export markets. The Internet is about to change all of this. A number of initiatives are underway using the Internet and PC technologies in the health care sector and, also, in the very important area of public administration. In the public administration area, some analysts believe that expense reductions and improvements in the quality of government services resulting from Internet based systems can entirely eliminate the Brazilian government budget deficits.

According to the text, the Internet

• A. is on the verge of promoting changes
• B. does not tool up for major improvements
• C. is going through profound changes
• D. is being studied by numerous analysts
• E. is a source of inefficiencies

Read the text below in order to answer questions 28 to 30:

The Internet Revolution

It is clear that Brazil's economy stands to make even more productivity gains than the United States itself, as a result of the Internet revolution. The lack of legacy systems and the very inefficient nature of administrative systems in Brazil create enormous opportunities for efficiency gains. For many years, the so-called "Brazil Cost" has been a drag on Brazil's economy and an inhibitor of competitiveness of Brazilian industries in the export markets. The Internet is about to change all of this. A number of initiatives are underway using the Internet and PC technologies in the health care sector and, also, in the very important area of public administration. In the public administration area, some analysts believe that expense reductions and improvements in the quality of government services resulting from Internet based systems can entirely eliminate the Brazilian government budget deficits.

According to the author, the Brazilian

• A.

  productivity gains surpass the American ones

• B.

  industries have eliminated excessive costs through the Internet

• C.

  public administration will surely benefit from the Internet.

• D.

  economy was restructured due to the use of the Internet.

• E.

  budget deficits derive from the lack of science and technology.