Questões de Língua Inglesa do ano 0000

INGLÊS

Atenção: As questões de números 91 a 95 referem-se ao texto abaixo.

Segundo o texto, nos Estados Unidos,

• A. os impostos sobre venda de jóias e similares existem desde os primórdios de sua história.
• B. o ouro começou a ser taxado para fazer face aos gastos decorrentes da Guerra de 1812.
• C. além de impostos sobre produtos importados, foram instituídos mais impostos internos a partir de 1817.
• D. a primeira versão do imposto de renda foi instituída após a Guerra Civil.
• E. já havia retenção de imposto de renda na fonte antes da Guerra Civil.

INGLÊS

Atenção: As questões de números 91 a 95 referem-se ao texto abaixo.

Ainda segundo o texto,

• A. com a retenção do imposto de renda sobre salários na fonte, o número de contribuintes subiu para 60 milhões em dois anos.
• B. a maior arrecadação na história dos Estados Unidos deu-se em 1981.
• C. a tabela progressiva de imposto de renda só entrou em vigor em 1943.
• D. o Agente Fiscal de Rendas, quando o cargo foi criado nos Estados Unidos, não tinha autoridade para processar o infrator.
• E. a 16^a Emenda à Constituição Americana não passou de mais uma tentativa frustrada de fazer o imposto de renda incidir tanto sobre os ganhos de pessoas físicas quanto jurídicas.

Atenção: As questões de números 96 a 100 referem-se ao texto abaixo.

O texto pode ser sintetizado na seguinte oposição:

• A. Tax evasion is acceptable conduct. Tax avoidance is contravention.
• B. Tax evaded remains due. Tax avoided is not due.
• C. Tax evasion implies fiscal debt. Tax avoidance implies legally reduced debt.
• D. Tax evasion is tax paid. Tax avoidance is tax not paid.
• E. Tax evaded can be returned. Tax avoided cannot be returned.

Read the text carefully, then answer questions 16 to 20 below. Choose the answer that is correct according to the ideas in the text.

The main purpose of the new Russian tax measure is to

• A.

  reduce the revenue the government collects from income tax.

• B.

  entice more people to pay more income tax than they ought to

• C.

  improve the country's current unfair income distribution.

• D.

  provide more benefits for the lower paid Russian workers.

• E.

  Encourage more Russian people to become tax-payers.

Read the text carefully, then answer questions 16 to 20 below. Choose the answer that is correct according to the ideas in the text.

In the short term, the principal beneficiaries of the new tax system will be

• A. the lower-paid workers
• B. higher-paid tax-payers
• C. prosperous tax evaders
• D. all Russian workers
• E. national tax dodgers

Read the text below in order to answer questions 16 to 18:

A new budget system

In 1989, the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre came up with a radical solution to its major problems of unaccountability and extreme poverty: a participative budget. For the last decade, the people of the city have been deciding how the budget for public works should be allocated. Neighbourhood groups propose projects, and people from community groups and non-profit organisations who have been elected by their neighbours, decide which projects will go ahead. In some cases, the community delegates also oversee implementation of the final projects. This has had the triple result of avoiding corruption and mishandling funds, improving concrete matters on the ground, and increasing democratic participation in the process by a huge amount.

According to the text, Porto Alegre's budget system is

• A. globalized.
• B. conservative.
• C. innovative.
• D. traditional.
• E. governmental.

Read the text below in order to answer questions 16 to 18:

A new budget system

In 1989, the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre came up with a radical solution to its major problems of unaccountability and extreme poverty: a participative budget. For the last decade, the people of the city have been deciding how the budget for public works should be allocated. Neighbourhood groups propose projects, and people from community groups and non-profit organisations who have been elected by their neighbours, decide which projects will go ahead. In some cases, the community delegates also oversee implementation of the final projects. This has had the triple result of avoiding corruption and mishandling funds, improving concrete matters on the ground, and increasing democratic participation in the process by a huge amount.

The participative budget

• A. concerns the allocation of funds.
• B. prevents democratic participation
• C. tends to increase levels of taxation
• D. reflects governmental decisions
• E. has increased corruption levels

Read the text below in order to answer questions

19 to 20:

The politics of administrative reform

Most countries of Latin America stabilized and opened their economies in the first generation of market oriented reforms in the 1980s and early 1990s. Now they face a much more costly and protracted task of rebuilding state capacity to deliver social services, regulate the economy, avoid recurrent fiscal crises, and improve the overall functioning of government. Why have some countries progressed further on administrative reform than other countries? Administrative reform usually starts with small groups of reformers within the executive branch. Among factors that facilitate reform are: balance of payments and fiscal crises, middle class and rural support, and the effective packaging of reform initiatives. Contrary to much of the literature, the nature of the party system (cohesion, discipline and parity) does not explain much of the variation in reform experiences.

The author states that

• A.

  South American countries have restructured their economies.

• B.

  North American countries were poised to perform administrative changes

• C.

  South American countries have been able to stabilize their economies.

• D.

  not all the South American economies have become stable

• E.

  Latin American economies have surpassed market leaders

Read the text below in order to answer questions

19 to 20:

The politics of administrative reform

Most countries of Latin America stabilized and opened their economies in the first generation of market oriented reforms in the 1980s and early 1990s. Now they face a much more costly and protracted task of rebuilding state capacity to deliver social services, regulate the economy, avoid recurrent fiscal crises, and improve the overall functioning of government. Why have some countries progressed further on administrative reform than other countries? Administrative reform usually starts with small groups of reformers within the executive branch. Among factors that facilitate reform are: balance of payments and fiscal crises, middle class and rural support, and the effective packaging of reform initiatives. Contrary to much of the literature, the nature of the party system (cohesion, discipline and parity) does not explain much of the variation in reform experiences.

According to the text, reform experiences consist of

• A. predictable standards
• B. known trends.
• C.

  technological trends.

• D.

  unsurmountable obstacles.

• E.

  different qualities.

Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23:

A QUICK GLANCE AT BRAZIL'S ECONOMY

In January 1999, the real, Brazil's monetary unit, was devalued by approximately 50% against the U.S. dollar, causing many to speculate on the country's economic fate as it moved toward the year 2000. Confidence in the economy waned and predictions of high inflation and deep recession ensued.

However, several factors helped turn things around throughout 1999. Brazil entered into a funding agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for $41 billion; President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration implemented strong fiscal contraction measures, which generated higher-than-expected revenue collection; and the tradable goods sector expanded.

By the end of 1999 there were clear indications of a re-stabilisation of the Brazilian economy and an increase in the overall level of confidence in Brazilian recovery. Consumer inflation levelled off at approximately 9%, the exchange rate for the real stabilized at R1.789/$1, and the primary fiscal balance rose from 0% in 1998 to a 3.1% gross domestic product (GDP) surplus (thus meeting one of the targets of the IMF programme).

According to the text,

• A.

  the Brazilian currency must have been devalued in January 1999

• B.

  high inflation and deep recession have generated higher levels of confidence

• C.

  Brazil might soon sign an agreement with the International Monetary Fund

• D.

  during 1999 a set of factors contributed to changing Brazil's economic scenario

• E.

  mild fiscal contraction measures were implemented by Brazil's president